Seventeen
de Kenzaburo Oé
1961 – Folio, 2011
Dans les années 60, à Tokyo, un adolescent perturbé trouve un sens à sa vie en s’engageant dans un mouvement d’extrême-droite ultraviolent. Pas très engageant, comme sujet. Pourtant, j’ai lu les 100 pages de ce livre d’une traite, avant de pouvoir le poser. Autant, peut-être plus encore, que Gibier d’Elevage, ce livre de m’a impressionné. Il ne décrit pas un engagement politique réfléchi, ni ne détaille les structures ou le programme du mouvement d’extrême-droite. Il raconte, de façon clinique, crue et percutante, le basculement qui se produit dans la vie du narrateur. Celui-ci n’a pas de nom, il s’appelle lui-même Seventeen, comme si son âge, prononcé à l’américaine, était sa seule identité. « Je suis un seventeen solitaire. A cet âge-là, je devrais mûrir et m’épanouir sous l’oeil bienveillant de tous. Mais personne n’était là pour me comprendre alors que j’étais au bord de la crise… (…) Ma tête contenait une cervelle débile fait de sperme de cochon et la conscience qui s’ensuit. »
Le récit se déroule en trois phases. 1- Il y a l’avant :le désarroi d’un garçon complexé, coincé dans une famille sans amour où personne ne se parle, père salaryman absent, mère femme au foyer soumise et transparente, frère et soeur aînés trop occupés par leurs propres histoires. Au lycée, ce n’est pas mieux : professeurs méprisants, élèves prétentieux… Seventeen est seul. 2- Il y a ensuite le basculement : un camarade, aussi paumé que lui, l’invite à assister à un meeting d’extrême-droite. Scène surréaliste, où sa frustration s’exprime en un cri de rage, comme un mot de passe magique pour changer de monde. « Plus tard, je devais souvent me souvenir de ces détails, alors qu’à ce moment précis un évènement extrêmement important de ma vie se cristallisait à grande vitesse. » 3- Et il y a l’après : l’extase d’appartenir à un groupe qui l’admet en son sein protecteur, qui approuve sa violence et lui donne des cibles à atteindre… « Un miracle avait eu lieu : j’étais devenu une autre personnalité. (…) L’uniforme de l’Action Impériale imitait celui des S.S. Lorsque je marchais dans les rues ainsi vêtu, j’éprouvais là aussi une vive sensation de bonheur. Hermétiquement enclos dans cette armure, comme un scarabée, j’avais la certitude que les autres ne voyaient plus ce qu’il y avait en moi de mou, de faible, de vulnérable et de disgracieux et je me sentais au paradis. »La conversion de Seventeen à un groupe d’extrême-droite est d’ordre sexuel : c’est un assouvissement, « un orgasme qui durerait ma vie entière« .
Pourquoi ce livre? Kenzaburo Oé l’a écrit en 1961 en opposition au renouveau des idées nationalistes après-guerre. Avec Mishima, les intellectuels d’extrême-droite trouvaient une figure de proue capable de mettre des mots et des concepts sophistiqués sur leurs idées réactionnaires. L’agit-prop nationaliste culmina avec l’assassinat d’un leader socialiste par un jeune militant de 17 ans, ce qui donna l’inspiration de Seventeen à Kenzaburo Oé. Mais l’auteur ne s’intéresse pas au fait divers : ce qu’il cherche à décrire, c’est le caractère ni politique, ni idéologique, mais totalement irrationnel de l’engagement d’un jeune paumé dans un mouvement extrême. Viscéralement pacifiste et démocrate, Kenzaburo Oé mène son combat de longue haleine contre le retour rampant des idées nationalistes dans l’opinion. Il a notamment réussi, en 2008, à faire condamner le Ministère de l’Education qui avait cherché à minimiser dans les manuels scolaires le rôle de l’armée dans les exactions de la guerre, notamment à Okinawa. Dans ce contexte, Seventeen est donc plus qu’un simple témoignage : un authentique livre de combat.
J’ai découvert pas mal d’auteurs japonais ces trois ou quatre dernières années, mais je n’ai pas encore eu l’occasion de lire Oe. Bizarrement, je crois qu’il me fait peur, si on peut dire. Ca doit être l’effet prix Nobel, bien que je n’aie eu aucun mal avec le seul Kawabata que j’ai lu, et que j’adore Murakami Haruki, qui finira bien par décrocher aussi le prix, j’espère.
Tu me donnes de plus en plus envie de tenter le coup en tout cas, surtout que la longueur n’est pas une excuse ! J’admire la qualité de tes billets sur la littérature, j’aimerais bien être capable d’en rédiger des comme ça !
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